DC 모터 제어 요령

Code without Graphical Touch-UpsArduino

/* ############################################### I/O Assignments############################################### */int _chSpeedSet =A0, // Speed setpoint _chKp =A1, // Proportional coefficient reading for PID controller _chKi =A2, // Integral coefficient reading for PID controller _chKd =A3, // Derivative coefficient reading for PID controller _chMotorCmdCCW =3, // PWM output to motor for counter-clockwise turn _chMotorCmdCW =2, // PWM output to motor for clockwise turn _chSpeedRead =24, // Speed reading _chDirection =25; // Direction selector reading/* ############################################### Other Constants ############################################### */#define _minRPM 0 // Minimum RPM to initiate direction changing#define _maxRPM 6000 // Maximum RPM limit#define _DiscSlots 20 // Qty of slots on Index Disc/* ############################################### Global Variables############################################### */boolean Direction, prevDirection;float RPM=0.0, RPMset=0.0, OutputRPM=0.0, Kp=0.0, Ki=0.0, Kd=0.0, Kpmax=2.0, Kimax=1.0, Kdmax=1.0, E=0.0, Eprev=0.0, dT=1.0;/* ############################################### readFrequency(_DI_FrequencyCounter_Pin, _ReadingSpeed) Frequency Reading Function Input Parameters:(int) _DI_FrequencyCounter_Pin :Digital pin to be read (float) _ReadingSpeed____________:Custom reading speed between 0...10 (Note.1) Note.1:_ReadingSpeed is a value to specify how long shall the changes be counted. It cannot be 0(zero), negative values or a value greater than 10. When _ReadingSpeed changed, 1 second shall be divided by this value to calculate required counting duration. For example; - _ReadingSpeed =0.1 -> input shall be counted during 10 seconds (=1/0.1) - _ReadingSpeed =0.5 -> input shall be counted during 2 seconds (=1/0.5) - _ReadingSpeed =2.0 -> input shall be counted during 0.5 seconds (=1/2) - _ReadingSpeed =4.0 -> input shall be counted during 0.25 seconds (=1/4) Importantly note that, increasing of _ReadingSpeed is a disadvantage especially on lower frequencies (generally below 100 Hz) since counting error increases up to 20%~40% by decreasing frequency.############################################### */int readFrequency(int _DI_FrequencyCounter_Pin, float _ReadingSpeed){ pinMode(_DI_FrequencyCounter_Pin,INPUT); byte _DigitalRead, _DigitalRead_Previous =0; unsigned long _Time =0, _Time_Init; float _Frequency =0; if ( (_ReadingSpeed<=0) || (_ReadingSpeed>10) ) return (-1); else { _Time_Init =micros(); do { _DigitalRead =digitalRead(_DI_FrequencyCounter_Pin); if ( (_DigitalRead_Previous==1) &&(_DigitalRead==0) ) _Frequency++; _DigitalRead_Previous =_DigitalRead; _Time =micros(); } while ( _Time <(_Time_Init + (1000000/_ReadingSpeed)) ); } return (_ReadingSpeed * _Frequency);}/* ########### End of readFrequency() ########### *//* ############################################## *//* ############################################### controllerPID(RangeMin, RangeMax, _E, _Eprev, _dT, _Kp, _Ki, _Kd) PID Controller Function Input Parameters:(float) RangeMin:Minimum limit for output (float) RangeMax:Maximum limit for output (float) _E_____:Current error signal (float) _Eprev :Previous error signal (float) _dT____:Time difference as seconds (float) _Kp____:Proportional coefficient (float) _Ki____:Integral coefficient (float) _Kp____:Derivative coefficient Adjustment procedure:1. Set Kp=0, Ki=0, Kd=0. 2. Start to increase Kp until the system oscillates at fixed period (Pc) and note critical gain Kc =Kp. 3. Adjust final coefficients as follows. for P-control only :Kp =0.50*Kc for PI-control only :Kp =0.45*Kc, Ki =1.2/Pc for PID-control :Kp =0.60*Kc, Ki =2.0/Pc, Kd=Pc/8 4. Fine tuning could be done by slightly changing each coefficient.############################################### */ float controllerPID(float _E, float _Eprev, float _dT, float _Kp, float _Ki, float _Kd){ float P, I, D; /* Base Formula:U =_Kp * ( _E + 0.5*(1/_Ki)*(_E+_Eprev)*_dT + _Kd*(_E-_Eprev)/_dT ); */ P =_Kp * _E; /* Proportional Component */ I =_Kp * 0.5 * _Ki * (_E+_Eprev) * _dT; /* Integral Component */ D =_Kp * _Kd * (_E-_Eprev) / _dT; /* Derivative Component */ return (P+I+D);}/* ########### End of controllerPID() ########### *//* ############################################## *//* ############################################### Setup############################################### */void setup(){ analogReadResolution(12); pinMode(_chDirection,INPUT); // Direction selector reading pinMode(_chMotorCmdCCW,OUTPUT); // PWM output to motor for counter-clockwise turn pinMode(_chMotorCmdCW,OUTPUT); // PWM output to motor for clockwise turn // Initial killing the PWM outputs to motor analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCCW,0); analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCW,0); // Initial reading for direction selection Direction=digitalRead(_chDirection); // HIGH=CCW, LOW=CW prevDirection=Direction;}/* ############################################### Loop############################################### */void loop(){ // Initialization Time:Necessary for PID controller. int InitTime =micros(); // Reading Inputs /* Controller Coefficients */ Kp =Kpmax * (float)analogRead(_chKp) / 4095; Ki =Kimax * (float)analogRead(_chKi) / 4095; Kd =Kdmax * (float)analogRead(_chKd) / 4095; /* Direction Selector */ Direction =digitalRead(_chDirection); /* HIGH=CCW, LOW=CW */ /* Actual RPM and RPM Setpoint Note that maximum selectable RPM is 5000. */ RPM =60 * (float)readFrequency(_chSpeedRead,4) / _DiscSlots; RPMset =5000 * (float)analogRead(_chSpeedSet) / 4095; // Calculations and Actions /* Error Signal, PID Controller Output and Final Output (PWM) to Motor */ E =RPMset - RPM; float cPID =controllerPID(E, Eprev, dT, Kp, Ki, Kd); if ( RPMset ==0 ) OutputRPM =0; else OutputRPM =OutputRPM + cPID; if ( OutputRPM <_minRPM ) OutputRPM =_minRPM; if ( OutputRPM> _maxRPM ) OutputRPM =_maxRPM; /* Changing Direction when inverted */ if ( Direction !=prevDirection ) { /* Killing both of the PWM outputs to motor */ analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCCW,0); analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCW,0); /* Wait until motor speed decreases */ do { RPM =60 * (float)readFrequency(_chSpeedRead,4) / _DiscSlots; } while ( RPM> _minRPM ); } // Writing Outputs if (Direction==HIGH) analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCCW,(int)(255*OutputRPM/_maxRPM)); else analogWrite(_chMotorCmdCW, (int)(255*OutputRPM/_maxRPM)); // Storing Values generated on previous cycle Eprev =E; prevDirection =Direction; // Calculating control application cycle time and passed Seconds dT =float ( micros() - InitTime ) / 1000000.0;}

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It's a prototype to explain DC motor speed control by using PID controller, and what should be considered for reversing.