물론, 1-100 nm 은 입자를 제조하는 다른 많은 방법이 있습니다. 위의 논문은 전형적인 것입니다. 우리가 이 작업을 하는 이유는 정해진 크기를 합성하려는 누군가에게 도움이 되기를 바라는 마음 때문입니다. 결론적으로, 은 나노입자의 제조는 친숙한 합성 및 제어 가능한 크기로 안내되어야 합니다.
생물학적 시스템을 이용한 금속 나노입자의 생합성은 나노생명공학의 중요한 영역으로 발전하고 있다. 생합성 방법은 제조 공정에 환경 친화적인 기술이 채택되고 제품이 생체 응용에 적합하기 때문에 AsNP를 준비하기 위한 더 나은 후보입니다. 여기에서 생합성 방법은 개발 및 연구에 대한 전망이 있습니다. 따라서 일부 합성 사례에 대한 자세한 논의가 있습니다. 1999년, Klaus et al. [73] 처음 사용된 Pseudomonas stutzeri 200나노미터 크기의 은나노결정 합성 그 후 Aspergillus flavus 및 trichoderma와 같은 다른 균주를 사용하여 은 나노 입자를 제조하는 방법이 크게 개발되었습니다. 및 Kazemi et al. Geotricum sp.를 활용하여 Ag 나노 입자를 성공적으로 합성했습니다. 지오트리쿰 sp. Sabro Dextrose Agar(SDA) 배지에서 25 ± 1 °C에서 96시간 동안 성장했습니다. 균사체는 질산은 용액을 나노은으로 변환하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 균류(Geotricum sp.)를 사용하여 은 나노입자를 세포외에서 합성하였다. 이 효율적이고 친환경적이며 간단한 합성 방법은 30-50 nm의 Ag 나노 입자를 합성하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 상온 조건을 사용하고 유해한 환원제가 없기 때문에 이 방법은 환경 친화적이며 저렴한 비용으로 간주할 수 있습니다. 최근에는 laryssa et al. 선충류 Duddingtonia flagrans의 무세포여과액을 이용하여 은나노입자를 제조하였다. 이 연구에서 그들은 선충 균인 D. flagrans를 사용하여 AgNPs를 합성하는 간단한 생물학적 과정을 보고했습니다. 저렴하고 친환경적이며 고수율인 생합성에 비해 입자를 살아있는 세포에서 분리하기 위한 별도의 처리가 필요 없는 세포외 합성은 보다 간단한 과정이다. 생합성되고 기능화된 AgNP는 우수한 안정성과 높은 수율을 가지며 항균, 항진균, 항바이러스 및 항암의 탁월한 특성으로 인해 치료 응용 분야에서 유망한 미래를 갖게 되어 곰팡이 D. flagrans 사용에 대한 새로운 실험 설계를 강화할 수 있습니다.
생물학적 미생물의 종류는 나노은 연구의 최신 연구 방향이 될 것임을 알 수 있습니다.
섹션> AgNP의 속성 및 응용 항균에 대한 AgNP의 특성 및 응용
최근에는 Ag 나노 물질의 항균 특성이 점차 사람들의 관심을 불러일으키며 많은 항균 응용이 보고되었다[76, 77]. Helmlinger et al.은 모양이 다른 항균 AgNP를 연구했습니다. [78]. By studying the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effect of four types silver nanometals, it can be seen that silver nanoparticles with different shapes own equal cytotoxicity, but it has different antibacterial effect. Meanwhile, particles with a higher specific surface area are more toxic for bacteria than particles with smaller specific surface areas. The dissolution kinetics is correlated to the estimated specific surface area of the particles where particles with a higher specific surface area dissolve faster than particles with a smaller one. The difference in the dissolution rate may be exploited to synthesize silver nanoparticles with a relative higher antibacterial effect and a lower cytotoxic effect towards tissue. However, Helmlinger et al. did not give a further detail study on the antibacterial effect of different sizes of AgNPs.
The antibacterial properties of silver particles with different sizes were studied by Agnihotri et al. [60]. It can be seen that 5 nm nanoparticles have the best antibacterial properties. It was found that the smaller particles exhibited the better antibacterial properties. The Fig. 12 shows the antibacterial properties of the different-sized silver nanoparticles.
Disk diffusion tests for different-sized silver nanoparticles against the E. coli MTCC 443 strain. The zone of inhibition is highlighted with a dashed circle indicating a noticeable antibacterial effect [60]
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Silver extends its antibacterial properties by combining with other materials. Research about combining with other materials included SiO2 @Ag [79], PLLA microcapsules combined with silver nanoparticles [80], electrodeposited chrome/silver nanoparticles (Cr/AgNPs) [81], graphene quantum dot/silver nanoparticles [82], Ag-decorated polymeric micelles with curcumin [83] and so on.
All the above studies are about the antibacterial properties of AgNPs. Next, we introduced the silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial application. It was found that the silver nanoparticles can be directly utilized as antibacterial agents which have been also testified by Kujda et al. [84]. It is shown that silver particles attach to the bacteria surface inducing disintegration, which enables their penetration inside the bacteria. In the future, the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles should be applied in industry by combining with other materials. For example, Meng et al. [85] made silver nanoparticles adhered to multilayered film-coated silk fibers with the aim to get antibacterial application. The as-prepared silk could effectively kill the existing bacteria and inhibit the bacterial growth, demonstrating the antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the release of Ag
+
for the modified silk can last for 120 h, rendering the modified silk sustainable antimicrobial activity. This work may provide a novel method to prepare AgNPs-functionalized antimicrobial silk for potential applications in textile industry. Figure 13 shows the surface morphologies of pristine silk fiber and coated morphologies of silk. By the EDS analysis, we can make sure that nanosilver was coated with silk.
Surface morphologies of pristine silk fiber (a ), (PAA/PDDA)8 film-coated silk fiber (b ), and AgNPs-(PAA/PDDA)8 film-coated silk fiber (c ). Inset:SEM image with higher magnification. (d ) EDS spectrum of AgNPs-(PAA/PDDA)8 film-coated silk. The arrow indicates the point randomly selected for the EDS analysis [85]
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Other people like Zulfiqar Ali Raza et al. [86] investigated single-bath fabrication and impregnation of silver nanoparticles on enzymatic pretreated cotton fabric by using starch both as reducing as well as stabilizing agent under the autoclave conditions of 103.42 kPa, 121 °C for 15 min. The silver nanoparticles impregnated cotton fabrics showed good durable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Figure 14 shows the formation mechanism of impregnation of silver nanoparticles on cotton fabric.
Schematic diagram of impregnation of silver nanoparticles on cotton fabric [86]
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Recently, silver nanoparticles were coated with zirconia by Yamada et al. [87] for antibacterial prosthesis. In view of the pronounced antimicrobial properties and small toxicity of AgNPs, the biocompatible AgNPs-coated yttria-stabilized zirconia can be potentially utilized to control dental caries and periodontal disease. Maybe the inspiration about wound repair will be obtained by this study. The excellent antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles can be revealed by the above studies. Moreover, this work will help someone who wants to do further research on antibacterial.
Properties and Applications of AgNPs on Fluorescence
Because nanomaterials with fluorescent property have a great application prospect. Many efforts have been devoted to study the fluorescent property [88, 89]. Research on fluorescent nanoparticles mainly concentrates on semiconductor particles, which are usually referred to as quantum dots. Among these, CdSe particles and ZnS particles have stronger fluorescent intensity. In spite of their broaden applications, quantum dots frequently still have some problems which are related to the intrinsic blinking of their luminescence and to toxicity issues that limit their applications in the health sciences [90]. Silver is expected to have lower toxicity and can be readily prepared reproducibly and with excellent solution stability. At the same time, Ag is readily detectable in the visible spectral region [91]. Because silver has the abovementioned advantages, the preparation of highly fluorescent silver nanoparticles is needed. Highly fluorescent silver nanoparticles were prepared by Maretti et al. [92] with a facile photochemical method, which can yield these materials with excellent long-term stability in just a few minutes. The method is used photogenerated ketyl radicals which can reduce Ag
+
from silver trifluoroacetate in the presence of amines. The conclusion they obtained is that the luminescence arises from particle-supported small metal clusters (predominantly Ag2 ). Typically, silver nanoparticles show a distinct plasma band which has been between 390 and 420 nm in their past work. Due to the presence of small silver clusters, the study of the absorption band obtained was closer to 450 nm. Figure 15 shows the UV-vis absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles. Figure 16 shows the absorption (red), emission (green), and excitation (blue) spectra of Ag particles after 4 min of irradiation in tetrahydrofuran (THF) under the conditions of Fig. 15 and resuspension in toluene. From Fig. 16, we can draw the conclusion that the silver nanoparticles can emit green light. This property can be used for fluorescence diagnosis in biomedical field [93].
UV-vis absorption spectra following irradiation (350 nm, four lamps) of a toluene solution containing 2 mM silver trifluoroacetate, 2 mM I-2959, 2 mM cyclohexylamine. Reaction performed and monitored directly in a 0.7 × 0.3 cm quartz cuvette [92]
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Absorption (red), emission (green), and excitation (blue) spectra of Ag particles after 4 min of irradiation in THF under the conditions of Fig. 15 and resuspension in toluene [92]
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In order to distinguish these ultra-small particles, these nanoparticles which are smaller than 2 nm are usually called nanoclusters. In this size regime, metal nanoclusters become molecular species and size-dependent strong fluorescent emission can often be observed upon photoexcitation in the UV-visible range [94]. In particular, Ag nanoclusters, which show higher fluorescent intensity than Au nanoclusters in solutions, received considerable attention in the past few years owing to their great promise in a wide range of applications [95]. Fluorescent Ag nanoclusters were found to have wide applications in bio-imaging [96], chemical sensing [97, 98], fluorescence labeling [99], and single-molecule microscopy [100].
Properties and Applications of AgNPs on Catalysis
Since the addition of silver nanoparticles into reaction, the catalytic performance of the reaction has been significantly improved. Thus, nanocatalysis of silver nanoparticles has been a rapid growing research area which involves the use of nanoparticles as catalysts. As we all know, metals such as Ag, Au, Pt, and other metal ions can catalyze the decomposition of H2 O2 to oxygen [101]. Guo et al. found that when the AgNP colloid was added into the solution of luminol-H2 O2 , the chemiluminescence (CL) emission from the luminol–H2 O2 system could be greatly enhanced. AgNPs exhibited a better catalytic performance of CL than gold and platinum nanoparticles. The AgNPs-enhanced CL was ascribed to that AgNPs could catalyze the decomposition of H2 O2 to produce some reactive intermediates such as hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. Figure 17 shows the effect of Ag colloid, Au colloid, Pt colloid, and filtrated solution of precipitated Ag colloid on luminol–H2 O2 CL [102].
Effect of Ag colloid (solid line), 38 nm Au colloid (dashed line), Pt colloid (dash-dot-dot line), and filtrated solution of precipitated Ag colloid (dotted line) on luminol–H2 O2 씨. The blank (filtrated solution of precipitated Ag colloid) signal was amplified by 100 times. Conditions:luminol, 1 × 10–4 mol/L; H2 O2 , 0.15 mol/L; pH 9.32 carbonate buffer for Ag, pH 12.0 NaOH for Au, pH 10.3 carbonate buffer for Pt [102]
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Silver is the most popular catalyst when it has interaction with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and methanol [103]. From the study that the catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles have accordingly changed can be realized. Jiang et al. [104] enhanced the catalytic properties of Ag by combining silver nanoparticles with silica spheres, and they also applied it to the detection of dye reduction. The technique to support silver particles on silica spheres effectively avoids flocculation of nano-sized colloidal metal particles during a catalytic process in the solution, which allows one to carry out the successful catalytic reduction of dyes. Figure 18 shows how the absorbance spectrum of the dyes decreases when the dyes are reduced.
아 Silver nanoparticles immobilized on silica spheres are illustrated. ㄴ The absorbance spectrum of the dyes decreases as the dyes are reduced by sodium borohydride. This process is catalyzed by silver nanoparticles. The arrow marks the increase of reaction time [104]
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In addition, the catalytic properties of silver also have important applications in other areas, for example, wet-spun fibers [105].
Properties and Applications of AgNPs on Surface Plasmon Resonance
In 1902, Wood found the SPR phenomenon for the first time in an optical experiment and made a brief record about that, but until in 1941, a scientist named Fano explained the phenomenon of SPR. Over the next 30 years, the theory about SPR has not been further explored nor has it been put into practical application. In 1971, Kretschmann put forward prism coupling structure that settled the foundation for the structure of SPR sensor, and SPR theory started to be widely achieved for experiments. On this basis, the surface plasma resonance effect of silver nanoparticles was explored deeply. The most successful part of the applications of plasmonic structures was in the detection of molecules. This technique has been commercialized for propagating surface plasmons (PSPs) on continuous metal films. The films are chemically functionalized to selective bind target molecules like DNA strands or proteins. Upon binding the target molecule, the dielectric environment is altered around the surface of the metal film. Consequently, binding can be monitored by measuring the change in coupling geometry (i.e., the angle) between the metal film and the excitation source needed to generate PSPs [106, 107]. This technique plays a key role, and a number of commercially available instruments are widely used today in the biological sciences [108].
Recently, the combination of silver nanoparticles with other materials to improve their surface plasmon resonance performance is another way of development. The nanosilver particles were bonded with starch by Vasileva et al. [109], and the materials were applied as a surface plasmon resonance-based sensor of hydrogen peroxide. Figure 19 shows the change of hydrogen peroxide decomposition.
아 Change of the LSPR absorbance strength with time due to the introduction of 10–3 mol/L H2 O2 solution in the as-synthesized Ag-NPs solution at a volume ratio 1:1.5; the inset shows the bubbles from H2 O2 decomposition generated by the catalytic reaction between hydrogen peroxide and starch-stabilized Ag-NPs. ㄴ UV-vis absorption spectra recorded 15 min after the introduction of hydrogen peroxide solution with different concentrations in the solution of Ag-NPs at a volume ratio 1:1.5. ㄷ relevant photographs of Ag-NPs dispersions 60 min after the introduction of hydrogen peroxide with different concentrations [109]
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SPR has a wide range of applications in other fields such as life science, medical testing, drug screening, food testing, environmental monitoring, and forensic identification.
The SPR technology becomes an indispensable part in the field of biological chemistry, food, and drug monitoring. The applications of SPR biosensors will be more diversified. And especially its emerging application in small molecule detection and lipid field will make it play an increasingly important role in the film and biology. In recent years, its development is particularly rapid. With the continuous improvement of SPR instruments and the continuous enhancement of biological membrane construction capability, SPR biosensor has a bright future.
Applications of AgNPs on Nanosensors
Due to the great research prospect of silver nanoparticles in nanosensors, many researchers have devoted to study it [110, 111]. So, we pick three representative examples to write in detail. Among them Zhu et al. [110] fabricated rhombic silver nanoparticles for biosensing. The rhombic silver nanoparticles were prepared by follow method. The mixed solution (polystyrene nanospheres and glass nanospheres with fluorocarbon surfactant) was coated onto the glass substrate to form a deposition mask, and then followed by hydrofluoric acid etching to remove the glass nanospheres. After that, the Ag metal thin film was deposited through the nanosphere masks using thermal evaporation or electron beam evaporation. After removal of the polystyrene nanospheres by sonication in absolute ethanol for 3 min, well-ordered rhombic AgNPs array was finally obtained on the substrates. The rhombic AgNPs array was single particle dimension of 140 nm in-plane width and 47 nm out-of-plane height. To prepare the biosensing, the Ag nanorhombuses are firstly functionalized using the self-assembly monolayer technique. Then assisting with 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride, we covalently attached biotin to the carboxylate groups. The advantage of this biosensor is that the rhombic AgNPs array-based sensor with more hot spots has higher sensitivity than that of the traditional Ag triangular nanoparticles-based sensor. A detection of high sensitivity of the bio-molecule in lower concentration has been realized by means of the LSPR-based nanobiosensor. This type of biosensor will have potential applications in many fields such as medical science and biological technology. Meanwhile, M. Ghiaci et al. [111] utilized silver nanoparticles compounds as new electrochemical sensors for glucose detection. These electrochemical sensors were prepared based on synthesizing of two amine compounds bounded to silica support. The size of used AgNPs is 10 nm. The electrochemical sensor prepared by this method has a lower limit of glucose detection than other electrochemical sensors. This type of nanosensors will be more conducive to diabetes detection and treatment. Silver nanoscale sensors can also be used for environmental detection such as Li et al. [112] synthesized aza-crown ether (ACE)-modified silver nanoparticles as colorimetric sensors for Ba
2+
. What is more, colorimetric sensors merely need minimal instrumentation, achieve high sensitivity, and thus can make on-site detection even easier. The colorimetric sensors were synthesized by silver nanoparticles efficiently conjugated with CS2 –ACE. ACE-modified AgNPs have good recognition of Ba
2+
, with the detection limit of 10
− 8
mol/L.
In addition to the abovementioned, silver nanosensors also have other different applications that are worth us to explore.
Other Applications
Ag nanomaterials also have many other applications in various fields, such as nanoscale detection [113] and solar cells.
Silver nanoparticle and its complex can be used for solar cells to enhance photoelectric conversion efficiency and photovoltaic performances [114,115,116].
Shen et al. [114] enhanced photovoltaic performances of polymer solar cells by incorporating Ag–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles in the active layer. They creatively incorporated Ag–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles (Ag–SiO2 -NPs) into photo−/electro-active layers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). By this way, the photovoltaic performance of PSCs have largely been enhanced. The results demonstrate a 13.50% enhancement of short-circuit photocurrent density and a 15.11% enhancement of power conversion efficiency as the weight percent of doped Ag–SiO2 -NPs is 1.5 wt% in the active layer of corresponding PSCs. In the later research, bare silver nanoplate (Ag-nPl) were spin-coated on indium tin oxide and silica capsulated Ag-NPs were incorporated to a PBDTTT-C-T:PC71BM active layer by Shen et al. [115]. As a result, the devices incorporated with Ag-nPl and Ag@SiO2 -NPs showed great enhancements. With the dual effects of Ag-nPl and Ag@SiO2 -NPs in devices, all wavelength sensitization in the visible range was realized; therefore, the power conversion efficiency of PSCs showed a great enhancement of 14.0 to 8.46%, with an increased short-circuit current density of 17.23 mA cm
− 2
. Importantly, the methodology of multiple shape combination of metallic nanoadditives improves the photovoltaic performance of PSCs very effectively compared to the single-shape method.
Thus, Ag is a promising material for the conversion of solar energy into electricity and good detection. In addition to the abovementioned, Ag also has many other applications, but it still needs people to further explore it.
섹션> Conclusions
This work reviewed the development progress of Ag nanomaterials on synthesis methods and applications. Different shapes of Ag nanostructures had been synthesized such as cubic, rod-shaped, and sphere-shaped, Ag nanostructure obtained by chemical synthesis and microwave methods were successfully prepared. In addition, different size of AgNPs have been synthesized such as 1–10 nm, 10–100 nm, AgNPs obtained by chemical synthesis, laser ablation, and green synthesis. Meanwhile, it has been successfully applied to many fields, such as antibacterial, fluorescence, catalysis, SPR, and nanosensors, and it is expected to use in other fields. In fact, there are still limitations for their practical applications in photoelectric and medical fields because it often requires complex preparation process, and the yield is very low. In most cases, AgNPs are easy to agglomerate, which will greatly reduce its optical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize surface active agent to achieve a good effect. Although, there are so many challenges, the advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology of silver still promise a better future for many kinds of industries. In conclusion, the future research of silver nanoparticles should be directed towards biosynthetic, size controllable, and uniform shape preparation. And the future application of AgNPs-based will be utilized in new energy battery or wearable intelligent equipment by its excellent localized surface plasmon resonance effect and antibacterial activity. In addition, AgNPs-based materials can be further utilized for applications in nanodevices by self-assembly and molecular molding technology.
섹션> 약어 ACE:
Aza-crown ether
Ag-nPl:
Silver nanoplate
AgNPs:
Ag nanoparticles
CL:
Chemiluminescence
CTAB:
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
DBSA:
Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid
DLS:
동적 광산란
EDS:
Energy dispersive spectroscopy
fcc:
Face-centered cubic
HRTEM:
고해상도 투과전자현미경
LSPR:
국부적인 표면 플라즈몬 공명
MTCC:
The name of bacteria
MTPs:
Multiply twinned particles
P3HT:
폴리(3-헥실티오펜)
PAA:
Poly(acrylic) acid
PBDTTT-C-T:
Poly[4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-5-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-alt-[2-(20-ethylhexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl]}
PC71BM:
Fullerene derivatives acceptor material C71-butyric acid methyl ester
PCBM:
Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester
PDDA:
Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)
PEG:
Polyethylene glycol
PLLA:
Poly(L-lactide)
PSCs:
Polymer solar cells
PSPs:
Propagating surface plasmons
PVA :
Poly-vinyl alcohol
PVP:
Poly-vinyl pyrrolidone
SDA:
Sabro dextrose agar
SDS:
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
SEM:
주사 전자 현미경
SERS:
표면 강화 라만 산란
SPR:
표면 플라즈몬 공명
TEM:
투과 전자 현미경
THF:
Tetrahydrofuran
UV-vis:
Ultraviolet-visible
XRD:
X선 회절
섹션>